Commercial Drone Delivery Architecture Plan

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Commercial Drone Delivery Architecture Plan

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The Problem

Product Liability Prevention

Develop an overall computer systems architecture plan for the new “black box.

Capability to record the last 30 minutes of data from the flight operations computer and drone sensors

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

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Group 1

Traditional Blackbox

Flight Data Recorder (FDR) in Traditional Aircrafts

Data stored on Solid-State memory

Secured in steel or titanium cases which is protected from thermal damage

Installed at point of least amount of impact

Beacon sounding every second for 30 days via 14,000ft of water

Photo by: Interesting Engineering, 2014.

Flight Data Recorder’s (FDR’s) on traditional aircrafts are crucial when determining what happened to the aircraft during an incident. FDR’s store data and/or recordings mainly on Solid-State memory that are secured in steel or titanium cases. The Solid-State memory is protected from thermal and pressure by three protective layers including aluminum, insulation, and steel (Interesting Engineering, 2014). According to (Interesting Engineering, 2014, para. 8), the “Crash-Survival Memory Unit (CSMU) of the flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders” are what survives an accident while all other inner components and chassis are mangled. To mitigate complete destruction of the FDR’s, they are typically installed at a location on the aircraft that experiences the least amount of impact during an accident. The FDR’s are equipped with a beacon that sounds once contact with water is made. The beacon will sound every second for 30 days and can be heard through up to 14,000ft. of water.

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FDR in Traditional Aircrafts (Continued)

Flight Data Acquisition Unit receives sensory data and transmits to the FDR

Up to 2 hours of voice/noise recording and 25 hours of flight data

Traditional “Black Box” v.s. HCR-25 a.k.a. “Black Box in the Sky”

Photo by: Honeywell Aerospace, 2019.

Flight data is obtained from sensors that are installed on various locations of the aircraft. The data is sent to the flight data acquisition unit where then it is subsequently sent to the FDR. Traditional aircrafts are able to store up to 2 hours of voice/noise recordings which includes the pilots conversation before an accident and up to 25 hours of flight data which includes “time, pressure altitude, airspeed, magnetic heading, rudder pedal position, fuel flow and horizontal stabilizer” (Interesting Engineering, 2014, para. 7).

FDR’s are known as black boxes (really orange in color) and are beneficial when found post incident. When Malaysian flight 370 vanished in 2014, the black box disappeared as well, taking the evidence with it. This lead to a move for satellite-based FDR systems. Honeywell Connected Recorder (HCR-25) was developed to provide airlines access to flight data and cockpit voice recordings during flight through means of a secure, cloud-based satellite link that sends data from the aircraft to a data center using Honeywell’s Connected Aircraft software (Honeywell, 2019). The HCR-25 allows 24/7 data retrieval between the aircraft and the data center on the ground with an increased amount of data being store on an Solid-State memory. The HCR-25 is equipped with a 90-day beacon in comparison to 30 days of traditional FDR’s.

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Drones

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Quadcopter Drone Components

@Abreha: Type a summary here on how you would brief this slide.

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Flight Controller – The “Brain” of the drone

Speed Controllers for the propellers

Battery

Camera

Power Distribution Board

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Architecture of a Quadcopter Drone

@Abreha: Type a summary here on how you would brief this slide and each major component.

The major components of a Quadcopter drone are:

There are four Electronic Speed Controllers (ESC) connected to the Pulse Position Modulator (PPM) and the Microcontroller Unit (MCU)

Internal Measurement Unit (IMU) controls the acceleration connected by SPI Bus.

The MCU is connected to the Radio, the Light detection and Ranging and the sensors

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Sensors

HD (High Definition) Video Camera

Zenmuse X5R Photo from Air-supply, n.d

Three-axis gimbal camera

Wide LOS (Line of Sight)

Imaging and Mapping

Photo

Resolution: 6MP (4608 x 3456)

Output files: JPEG, DNG

Video

Resolution: 4k (4096 x 2160)

Output file: MP4, MOV

Output of 1.7 Gbps average bit-rate

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@CABRERA: Add to summary below explaining why we chose this camera.

A three-axis Gimbal camera allows for wider Line of Sight (LOS). Photos and videos are used for imaging. When paired with GPS, it can be used to create 3D photogrammetry imaging, also known as 3D mapping.

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Chart Title

Dynamic microphones

Good quality in a small package.

Internal audio for monitoring

Output of 2.5V pp / -25db

Output files: WAV, MP3

Photo from Teach Me audio, 2020.

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Audio

@CABRERA: Add to summary below explaining why we chose this type audio.

Dynamic microphones are well rounded, good quality mics. The auto adjust gain, allows clarity during high sound pressure levels. The internal audio queues enables troubleshooting, allowing the monitoring of motor, propeller noise and any external influence such as weather.

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Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)

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IMU/GPS

Gyroscope

3-axis

Accelerometer

3-axis

Magnetometer

3-axix

Global Positioning Sensor (GPS)

Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) includes gyroscope, accelerometer, and sometimes magnetometer. This MEMS (Micro-Electromechanical System) module including 3-axis gyroscope, 3-axis accelerometer, and 3-axis magnetometer. The Global Positioning Sensor (GPS) provide three-dimensional XYZ position, velocity and time. The combination of these sensors ultimately indicates direction, orientation, and speed.

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Three dimensional XYZ position.

Velocity

Time

Output 2Hz to 100Hz

RSW ASCII, Most commonly processed to .CSV or .GPX

Able to control and monitor motor

Rotor Speed depends on motor design

Built in Hall-effect sensors

Electromagnetic Field (EMF)

Output -5V to 18V

Transistor – Transistor Logic (TTL) signal

Alpha 80A HV

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Electronic Speed Controller (ESC)

Photo from Corrigan, 2020.

@CABRERA: Is this how you would brief this slide? Maybe explain how many we will have and the purpose of that many.

ESC with telemetry output will allow the monitoring of rotor speed based on the motor design. For the ESC to calculate the rotor speed, it must know the rotor location. The most common methods for in brushless motors are the use of Hall-effect sensors or Back EMF (Electromagnetic Field).

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LTE Connectivity

LTE-M data link coverage is currently being tried in many countries apart from Netherlands, US, and Ireland which are fully covered with these sensors.

It is considered a major sensor type with its input, output, and data covering a larger scope than its IoT counterpart.

Zhang et al. (2020) confirms that LTE sensors will overtake GSM in applications that are IoT cellular.

Software updates make all devices that are LTE-M enabled to communicate effectively with the cloud where they will surf all waves such as those that one likes on Instagram.

LTE-M Data Links

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

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LTE-M data links is currently being tried in many countries apart from Netherlands, US, and Ireland which are fully covered with these sensors. Therefore, it is considered as a major sensor type with its input, output, and data covering a larger scope than its IoT counterpart. Also, Zhang et al. (2020) confirms that this sensor will overtake GSM in applications that are IoT cellular. The software updates make all devices that are LTE-M enabled to communicate effectively with the cloud where they will surf all waves such as those that one likes on Instagram. Hence, such sensors are preferable for applications that involves critical missions where real-time data transfer makes difference. An example of those applications are those that involves cars driven under AI.

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Alternative to LTE

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NB-IoT sensors

NB-IoT sensors is suitable for areas that lacks LTE coverage and when one wants to transfer small data. For instance, this data link sensor is preferable when applying soil sensor for smart agriculture and for energy usage to monitoring a small city. Therefore, unlike its LTE-M counterpart, NB-IoT does not need much data, its rate of output is lower than LTE-M, and it does not compress data more than IoT (Fattah, 2018). For instance, NB-IoT uses only a narrow band whose overall bandwidth is lower than the towers project. However, these sensors operate differently in various locations based on the cellular technologies such as GSM. For example, one requires only small amounts of data in countries such as Africa and Asia since the standard cellular technologies in these regions are GSM while other countries allow for vast amount of data because of presence of more developed cellular technologies.

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These sensors are suitable for areas that lack LTE coverage and when one wants to transfer small data. This data link sensor is preferred when applying soil sensor for smart agriculture and for energy usage to monitoring a small city.

Unlike LTE-M, NB-IoT does not require much data. The rate of output is lower than LTE-M and it does not compress data more than IoT (Fattah, 2018).

NB-IoT uses only a narrow band where the overall bandwidth is lower than the towers project

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Flowchart

showing the sensor type, output data, rate of output, types of compression

The choices that one should make on the specific IoT devices to use in this case should be based on the amount of data that one expects to input or output, the rate of output, and the compression types that they seek from their respective operations (Fattah, 2018). The overall prices between devices and data loss also play a critical role in determining the type of LTE data links sensors to apply in each situation. Other factors for the choice of the LTE data link include the Wi-Fi, the expected end-user, and the gateway.

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Existing Patents & Existing Standards

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Existing Patents

Patent number 10.687.220

Document Identifier of US20200084639A1

United States: US20200084639A1

Korea: KR20190024495A

China: CN206515670U

USPTO

Google Patents

Pending

No record

Granted

From USPTO, one patent is of interest with patent number 10.687.220 and a document identifier of US20200084639A1. This is the current patent in line with designing a communication system for the black box used by drones. However, the status of this patent is still pending (Google Patents, n.d. a). Google Patents revealed two other patents: one from Korea and the other from China with identifier number KR20190024495A and CN206515670U respectively. Only the patent from China has been indicated to have been approved (Google Patent, n.d. b) while there is no record of the patent status for the one from Korea (Google Patent, n.d. c).

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Existing Standards

Enhance communication for easy tracking

Inaccessibility to unauthorized access

Identity and legal purposes

Visibility

Privacy

Remote ID

Three standards are expected for the black box to be used for drones: visibility, privacy , and remote ID issues as highlighted by Power (n.d.). The Visibility feature is to enhance communication and make tracking easy. The privacy feature is to ensure that authorized persons are not allowed access to the information stored in the black box. Finally, the remote ID feature is for identity and legal issues; to detect whether a drone is from a friend or an enemy and to prevent misuse of the technology.

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Architecture Plan

@CABRERA: Place your diagram discussed during meeting on 18 Jul 20 here and I will complete summary once posted. Feel free to add what you want to summary if need and I will add to if necessary.

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Thank You.

References

Aceinna. (n.d.) INS380SA. Retrieved from http://static6.arrow.com/aropdfconversion/21fca68ceabab165254e41470c3207eb0fd0f343/ins380sa_datasheet.pdf

Air-Supply. (n.d.). Zenmuse X5R. Retrieved from https://airsupply.com/product/zenmuse-x5-r-2/

Corrigan, F. (2020). Best drone motors and how drone motors, ESCs, propulsion systems work. Retrieved from https://www.dronezon.com/learn-about-drones-quadcopters/how-drone-motors-esc-propulsion-systems-work/

Corrigan, F. (2020). Quick Drone Parts Overview Along with Dandy DIY Tips. Retrieved from https://www.dronezon.com/learn-about-drones-quadcopters/drone-components-parts-overview-with-tips/

Flynt, J. (2019). What is a drone ESC and how does it work? Retrieved from https://3dinsider.com/drone-esc/

Jost, D. (2019). What is a sensor? Retrieved from https://www.fierceelectronics.com/sensors/what-a-sensor

Lewis, J. (2012). Understanding Microphone Sensitivity. Retrieved from https://www.analog.com/en/analog-dialogue/articles/understanding-microphone-sensitivity.html

Ramseyer, N. (2018). Extracting DJI flight logs for geo-tagging survey images. Retrieved from https://www.mapir.camera/blogs/guide/113243910-extracting-dji-flight-logs-for-geo-tagging-survey-images

Sparkfun. (n.d.). Accelerometer, gyro and IMU buying guide. Retrieved from https://www.sparkfun.com/pages/accel_gyro_guide

Teach Me Audio. (2020). Dynamic Microphone. Retrieved from https://www.teachmeaudio.com/recording/microphones/dynamic-microphone

Vega. (n.d.). Universal engine / rotor RPM indicator. Retrieved from http://www.infiniteq.co.za/Manuals/Vega%20RPM-1.pdf

Winkler, C. (2016). How many sensors are in a drone, and what do they do? Retrieved from https://www.fierceelectronics.com/components/how-many-sensors-are-a-drone-and-what-do-they-do

@Cabrera: APA Format is good.

Go through slides, find out what data of yours was incorporated in slides that utilize the references. We only need to keep references when things are cited. If there is no citation on the slides or in the comments, then no need for a reference to be placed in reference slides.

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References

Slide 3

Flight Data Recorder (Black Box)

https://www.dw.com/en/how-does-a-black-box-work/a-17907283#:~:text=Essentially%2C%20a%20black%20box%20flight,recorded%20on%20two%20different%20devices.

Date 09.01.2020

Author Marcus Lütticke

Slide 4

https://www.cbc.ca/news2/interactives/black-box-how-reuters/

How an airplane’s flight recorder works

Black boxes provide valuable clues in the event of a tragedy

CBC News Last Updated: December 29, 2014

Slide 5

http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/investigations/q0302.shtml

Joe Yoon, 15 April 2007

Airliner Black Boxes

Aerospaceweb.org

Slide 6

Drone Anatomy 101 by Michael Smith

2018

Slide 7

Flight Control and Hardware Design of MultiRotor Systems

Nathan M. Zimmerman

Marquette University

August 2016

@Abreha:

Go through slides, find out what data of yours was incorporated in slides that utilize the references. We only need to keep references when things are cited. If there is no citation on the slides or in the comments, then no need for a reference to be placed in reference slides.

Turn any kept references to APA format.

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References

Fattah, H. (2018). 5G LTE Narrowband Internet of things (NB-IoT). https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429455056

Zhang, L., Zhao, G., & M A. (2020). Internet of things and sensors networks in 5G wireless communications. MDPI.

FR

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Reference

Google Patents a. US20200084639A1 – Method and system for implementing self organizing mobile network (somnet) of drones – Google Patents. Retrieved 22 June 2020, from https://patents.google.com/patent/US20200084639A1/en?oq=US+20200084639+A1

Google Patents b. CN206515670U – A kind of unmanned plane cloud monitoring system with black box function – Google Patents. Retrieved 22 June 2020, from https://patents.google.com/patent/CN206515670U/en?oq=CN206515670U

Google Patents c. KR20190024495A – Black box system for unmanned aerial vehicle – Google Patents. Retrieved 22 June 2020, from https://patents.google.com/patent/KR20190024495A/en?q=UAV+black+box&oq=UAV+black+box

Powers, B. Drones may need black boxes to operate safely – Patriot One Technologies Inc. Retrieved 22 June 2020, from https://patriot1tech.com/magazine/drones-need-black-boxes-to-fly-safely/

@Jasmine:

Go through slides, find out what data of yours was incorporated in slides that utilize the references. We only need to keep references when things are cited. If there is no citation on the slides or in the comments, then no need for a reference to be placed in reference slides.

Turn any kept references to APA format.

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References:

1. Interesting Engineering. (2014, March 12). How does the black box in an aircraft work? Retrieved from https://interestingengineering.com/how-does-the-black-box-in-aircraft-work

2. Honeywell Aerospace. (2019, February). Honeywell Connected Recorder-25 (HCR-25). Retrieved from https://aerospace.honeywell.com/content/dam/aero/en-us/documents/learn/products/recorders-and- transmitters/datasheet/N61-2083-000-000_HCR-25-datasheet.pdf

3. Honeywell. (2019, July 09). What’s a black box and how it’s getting an upgrade. Retrieved from https://www.honeywell.com/en-us/newsroom/news/2019/07/whats-a-black-box-and-how-its-getting-an-upgrade

Dobbertin’s Reference (APA Format good) Keeping these references. Recommend building off this slide for references.

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