Organizing a Synthesis

Bi 2

Draft 1:

Organizing a Synthesis

(To add columns and/or rows, click anywhere on the chart, and in Layout see Insert Right and/or Insert Below.)

For a synthesis

· use at least 3 sources.

· use at least 3 subtopics.

· use examples from at least 2 of the sources for each subtopic.

Then each horizontal row here becomes one body paragraph.

My Research Question

How can the creation and disposal of medical waste be more sustainable?

Source 1

US Fed News Service including US State News, (24th Feb 2018)

Source 2

Heimer, Scott (June 11, 1997), Philadelphia Daily

Source 3

Gondo Nancy (July 31, 2008). Investor’s Business Daily

Source 4

US Federal News including US State News (October 22, 2013).

Subtopic

People/patient safety and convenience

The system is convenient for patients with renal disorders. It reduces the energy spent in excretion which serves to reduce their hunger waste, The catheter bag can be connected directly to the waste fixture (US Fed News, 2018)

Having an efficient system of disposing return drugs reduces confusion and associated documentation. This may increase medical errors (Gondo,, 2018).

Medical wastes are compressed and sterilized before being transported to the disposal sites. This eliminates the possibility of infections in case of a spill (US Fed News, 2013).

Subtopic

People/healthcare workers

“When the waste has been collected in medical waste containers, medical staff disposes the waste by emptying it into waste fixtures … There is a great the waste may be exposed to medical staff.” (US Fed News, 2018).

Disposal of unsterilized trash bags predisposes the health staff to infections during transportation (Heimer, 1997).

Stericycle reduce the paperwork that healthcare workers have to undergo (Gondo, 2008).

Sterilizing and compressing the waste into a cake structure reduces the susceptibility of the health staff to infections when handling medical waste (US Fed News, 2013).

Subtopic

Planet

“The waste system is efficient and environmentally safe, it limits transmission of bacteria, virus, and radioactive contaminants from hospitals and medical institutions.” (US Fed News, 2018)

Reduction of waste spills protects the environment from harmful material such as virus, bacteria, and parasites from human waste and fluids. Some may be contagious and air-borne increasing possibilities of transmission in case of a spill (Heimer, 1997).

“Hospitals have enough to handle without worrying about the proper disposal of potentially infectious medical waste. That’s where Stericycle (SRCL) steps in (Gondo, 2008).

Sterilizing the waste into a cake prevents microbes from seeping into the soil to wastewater sources. It reduces the risks of damages in the future (US Fed News, 2013).

Subtopic

Profit

The invention will reduce the associated waste disposal costs for hospitals and medical institutions associated with disposing ill medical human waste increasing profit for the medical institutions (US Fed News, 2018)

Creation of efficient transport systems will minimize the risks associated with spills and damages which saves on costs (Heimer, 1997)

“Hospitals have to get rid of their waste on a consistent basis This helps make disposal service providers like Stericycle a possible long-term play.”

The case has reduced bulkiness of medical wastes especially in tssssransportation and disposal costs increasing the profit margin (US Fed News, 2013).

Synthesis Outline:

Title Designing sustainable solutions in creating and disposing medical waste

Research Question: How can the creation and disposal of medical waste be more sustainable?

Topic Sentence The collection of human waste from bed-ridden and incapacitated patients ought to be made more convenient to reduce the risk of contracting nosocomial infections.

· US Fed News,

· Gondo Nancy

Topic Sentence Proper collection of biomedical waste especially human waste reduces the susceptibility of health staff to contamination and infection by potential microbes.

· US Fed News

· Heimer, Scott

Topic Sentence It is imperative to treat medical waste appropriately to prevent environmental pollutions and infections in case of a spill and at disposal sites.

· Heimer, Scott

· US Fed News

Topic Sentence Healthcare institutions need to outsource the medicine and waste disposal to responsible private firms to ensure proper documentation, reduce expenses and ensure quality disposal mechanisms.

· Gondo, Nancy

· Heimer, Scott

Thesis It is imperative that modern innovations are utilized in improving the collection, creation, and disposal of medical waste while leveraging on efficient private waste disposal firms to ensure sustainability.

Designing sustainable solutions in creating and disposing medical waste

Introduction

Medical waste is any type of waste made up of infectious materials. They include waste that are generated by different health facilities including veterinary clinics, medical research facilities, laboratories, dental practices, hospitals, and physician’s offices. The medical wastes include cultures of infectious agents, discarded vaccines, animal or human tissue created during a medical procedure, anything soaked in blood i.e., gowns, gauze, or gloves and any waste product that is produced in patient’s rooms with communicable diseases. Medical waste disposal is among the biggest challenges faced by healthcare providers. The attempt to design an effective system is often complicated and interfered by other concerns including local and state regulation, potential civil litigation, epidemiology, and HIPAA. The aim of any waste disposal body is to help providers better their services and work in a clean environment. Healthcare providers use different waste disposal methods to ensure that any form of medical waste produced during medical procedures is disposed appropriately. Any effort put towards designing a waste disposal system or solution should consider the essence of cost-effectiveness and secure medical waste disposal with predictable cost and predictable service. Besides the treatment, health care organization often treat their waste using two major techniques i.e., off-site medical waste treatment and on-site medical waste treatment. The main issue and question that every healthcare organization finds it hard to answer is, “how can the creation and disposal of medical waste be more sustainable?”

Body

The above question can be approached by medical stakeholders by formulating policies and strategies that ensure that the creation and disposal of medical waste is not only convenient to the organization but also sustainable enough since the production of waste is always continuous. Best practices that guide waste disposal should also be set and adhered to by healthcare providers. The providers should understand the laws, then categorize and separate all the waste by the appropriate color-coded waste containers. Besides, waste should be labeled according to their categories and the appropriate documentation should be attached to every container while transporting them. It is always recommendable to hire the services of a reliable medical waste disposal company to help in implementing the set waste creation and disposal best practices.

The first approach geared towards achieving sustainable creation and disposal of medical waste is enhancing convenience in the collection of human waste from bed-ridden and incapacitated patients to minimize the risk of contracting nosocomial infections (US Patent). This approach or strategy can be effectively executed by following some medical waste disposal best practices. The collection of human waste from bed-ridden and incapacitated patients can be made easier and convenient by comprehending the healthcare waste laws. Healthcare waste is regulated by the DEA, OSHA, EPA, and DOT. Workers should be aware of the guidelines from these agencies during preparation, transfer, and disposal of hazardous medical waste. Medical waste should also be correctly classified so that health provider understands the harm and dangers of every medical waste they create. The identification of the type of waste one is dealing with is the first step in proper waste disposal. Individuals dealing with waste should learn not to mix non-hazardous wastes with the rest of the waste to prevent overspending.

It should also be noted that proper collection of biomedical waste especially human waste reduces the susceptibility of health staff to contamination and infection by potential microbes (Mittelstaedt, Martin). To enhance proper collection of these waste, waste should first be separated by type. The separation of waste should be done and classified into different classes including non-hazardous, pathological, chemical, pharmaceutical, and sharps. Regulated medical waste usually goes in red bags while the sharp ones that go into the red bags should first be put into puncture-proof containers. Human waste often increases the risk of contamination and infection by potential microbes. They should therefore be timely collected and disposed of. The collection and disposal containers should be well prepared. Healthcare waste bags and containers should be taped for shipping and packed as per the DOT weight restrictions. The bags and containers should be stored in a dry and secure area before shipping or pick up. It is important, especially for the need of handling different wastes, to label them before transportation.

Appropriate treatment of medical waste is vital for preventing infections and environmental pollutions in case of a spill in disposal sites (Heimer, Scott). Regardless of the point of medical waste processing, they should be treated by chemical, microwave, autoclaving, incineration, and biological treatment to prevent the possible infections and environmental pollutions in case of contact with the body or the ground. Incineration is important and effective in disposing all types of infectious medical waste. Autoclaving is among the modern methods. It entails steam sterilization that makes biohazardous waste non-infectious. The waste can be incinerated under less –stringent regulation or disposed of in solid waste landfills after sterilization. The chemical method entails the neutralization of some types of chemical waste using reactive chemicals that makes them unreactive. This is commonly used for medical waste that are chemical in nature.

Moreover, health care organizations should also consider outsourcing the medicine and waste disposal task to responsible private firms to ensure proper documentation, reduce expenses and ensure quality disposal mechanisms (Gondo, Nancy). There are several waste disposal companies with a good reputation and track record in handling waste whose services can be hired at agreed and affordable prices. Besides, several types of waste, various hazards, and multiple regulatory bodies present an overwhelming challenge for healthcare providers. Partnering with a dependable vendor is therefore an important measure.

In conclusion, it is imperative that modern innovations are utilized in improving the collection, creation, and disposal of medical waste while leveraging on efficient private waste disposal firms to ensure sustainability. Reliable waste disposal companies can be approached to aid in proper collection and disposal of waste. To achieve a sustainable creation and disposal of medical waste by following the outlined approaches, it is recommendable to also adhere to some best practices including using the right medical waste containers, separating the waste by type, and using medical waste disposal color code.

Class

English 201: The Research Paper

Essay Draft I

Proposing a Research Question

Points

50

Prompt

· This is the first of three drafts of the same research paper.

· In this draft in the argumentation mode, you pose your research question on a topic of sustainability in the introduction and answer it with your thesis in the conclusion, supporting your thesis with a synthesis of three to five articles from popular periodicals.

· For Essay Draft II and Essay Draft III, you will add sources and information to the previous drafts.

Source Distribution

· 3-5 popular periodicals (magazines, newspapers)

Notes

The word paragraph is replaced by the symbol ¶ in this rubric.

Grading and Feedback

Your research question works well, but the essay should be organized with at least two sources in each body paragraph, as demonstrated in your assignment “Organizing a Synthesis.

35/50

For the future—

· Work from an outline to determine where best to add new sources for Essay II.

· Use the essay prompt and rubric as you draft to ensure inclusion of all criteria.

· Review the sample synthesis essay in Module III.

· Use an opening technique from one of your sources–see Modules > Course Resources > Write an Effective Opening for an explanation and examples.

· Do not enclose your own research question in quotation marks.

· Check the information in your introduction and in the first body paragraph as it cites no sources.

· See the sample works cited page in the textbook at page 176 for the page title and to alphabetize the list of entries.

Criteria

(D-F)

(C)

(A-B)

Title—title is broad topic: subtitle hints at thesis (your point about the topic)

1.

1. (see criteria at left)

1.

Introduction ¶–

· employs an effective opening technique

· introduces the topic and connects it to the question

· ends with your research question

1. (see notes above, criteria at left)

1.

1.

Body ¶s—

· organized in a synthesis of sources (at least 2 sources in every paragraph)

· topic sentences use your own words to identify the one point of the ¶

· primarily summary with quotations only as needed for technical accuracy

· adheres to criteria for argumentation

1. (see criteria at left)

1.

1.

Conclusion¶–

· opens with your thesis (one sentence, arguable, directly answers your research question)

· briefly summarizes the points supporting your thesis

1.

1.

1.

Use of Sources—uses primarily summary and paraphrase, quotations used only as needed for technical accuracy and all are brief, blended, & cited, all information is cited to avoid plagiarism (summary, paraphrase, quotation)

1.

1. (see page 131 to format in-text citations)

1.

Distribution of Sources—see the complete list in the prompt above

1.

1.

1.

Works Cited Page—MLA format

1.

1.

1.

Point of View—third-person point of view

1.

1.

1.

Audience —(class & instructor) considers audience in both tone and information

1.

1.

1.

Grammar, Punctuation, Mechanics

1.

1.

1.

Style—no contractions or abbreviations, no first name alone, no “in the article”

1.

1.

1.

MLA Manuscript (Document) Format

1.

1. (see MLA for essay titles, omit headings, e.g. Introduction, Body)

1.

Length—3 or more pages (when correctly formatted, not including works cited page)

1.

1.

1.

Draft 2:

Research Question: How can the creation and Disposal of medical waste be more sustainable?

Source 1

United States Environmental Protection Agency (Jan 19,2017)

Source 2

Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (2003)

Source 3

Melamed, Ann.( 2013)

Subtopic People/patient

safety and

convenience

“Improper management of discarded needles and other sharps can pose a health risk to the public and waste workers… Used needles can transmit serious diseases.” (EPA 2017)

Identifying medical waste with handling and disposal indication is a way of curbing the risk of disease transmission. This enhances the safety of people. (CDC 2003)

“Perioperative nurses need to understand how best to segregate waste and take advantage of opportunities for reuse and recycling.” (Melamed, Ann 2013)

Subtopic

People/healthcare

workers

Gathering Information about disease causing potential of medical waste reduces the risk to the general public of disease that result from the exposure to medical waste. (EPA 2017)

“The most practical approach to medical waste management is to identify wastes that represent a sufficient potential risk of causing infection during handling and disposal and for which some precautions likely are prudent.” (CDC 2003)

Nurse can contribute to the prevention of pollution in healthcare through the control of the environment. (Melamed, Ann 2013)

Subtopic

Planet

“Alternative technologies treatments like thermal treatment, steam sterilization and electropyrolysis are generally used to render the medical waste non-infectious then the waste can be disposed of as solid waste in landfills or incinerators.” (EPA 2017)

Medical wastes must be carefully disposed and contained before collection and consolidation for treatment. There are measures define by OSHA for protecting workers generating waste. (CDC 2003)

“Environmentally preferable purchasing considers products by using a life cycle analysis in which the impact of a product from factory to disposal and even length of time in a landfill are taken into account.” (Melamed, Ann 2013)

Subtopic

Profit

The jurisdictions of EPA over medical waste treatment technologies that works to curb the infectiousness of the waste. (EPA 2017)

Safe transport and storage of off and on-site regulated medical wastes helps to prevent waste exposure. (CDC 2003)

“Better waste management begins with segregation at the source of generation. Resource recovery and recycling can be done only when there is a segregation program for separating infectious from noninfectious waste.” (Melamed, Ann 2013)

Synthesis Outline

Title: Developing solutions and measures in creating and disposing medical waste.

Research Question: How can the creation and Disposal of medical waste be more sustainable?

Topic Sentence: Adopting an efficient segregation program to facilitate the separation of infectious waste from noninfectious ones.

· Melamed, Ann

· CDC

Topic Sentence: Safe transport and storage of off and on-site regulated medical wastes within a healthcare facility before their treatment.

· CDC

· EPA

Topic Sentence: It is vital to use alternative technologies for treatment of medical waste. The alternatives to medical waste incineration include thermal treatment, steam sterilization and electropyrolysis.

· EPA

· Melamed, Ann

Topic Sentence: Resourceful perioperative workers should work with environmental services department to organize places for collection and transportation of medical waste.

· Melamed, Ann

· CDC

Thesis: It is vital to have collective efforts from all the stakeholders and extensive use of alternative technologies in a bid to achieve a sustainable creation and disposal of medical wastes.

30july2020

Organizing for Essay II with New Sources
Essay II begins with your Essay I draft and adds new sources–scholarly and reference. One great way to organize for Essay II is as follows:

· See the Sample Synthesis Outline in Module III.

· Create an outline of Essay I. (If you did Extra Credit III, you already have this–just be sure to review your feedback on it.)

· Then complete the assignments on finding scholarly and reference sources in Module IV.

· With the Essay I outline, determine where the new sources best fit into the essay–you will likely both add brief information to existing paragraphs and add whole new paragraphs.

· Beware of adding too much to existing paragraphs–you can always split one paragraph into two on the same subtopic as long as it still makes a synthesis.

· Then create the synthesis outline for Essay II to check your organization–and to earn more extra credit!

Rubric for Draft II:

Class

English 201: The Research Paper

Essay Draft II

Preliminary Research Paper

Points

50

Prompt

· This is the second of three drafts of the same research paper.

· In this draft in the argumentation mode, you pose your research question on a topic of sustainability in the introduction and answer it with your thesis in the conclusion, supporting your thesis with a synthesis of sources as listed below in Source Distribution.

· For Essay Draft II, you will add sources and information to the previous draft.

Source Distribution

· 4 or more popular periodicals (magazines, newspapers)

· 2 or more reference (encyclopedia, government)

· 1 or more scholarly (peer-reviewed research, academic journal, trade journal)

Notes

The word paragraph is replaced by the symbol ¶ in this rubric.

Grading and Feedback

Criteria

(D-F)

(C)

(A-B)

Title—title is broad topic: subtitle hints at thesis (your point about the topic)

1.

1.

1.

Introduction ¶–

· employs an effective opening technique

· introduces the topic and connects it to the question

· ends with your research question

1.

1.

1.

Body ¶s—

· organized in a synthesis of sources (at least 2 sources in every paragraph)

· topic sentences use your own words to identify the one point of the ¶

· primarily summary with quotations only as needed for technical accuracy

· adheres to criteria for argumentation

1.

1.

1.

Conclusion¶–

· opens with your thesis (one sentence, arguable, directly answers your research question)

· briefly summarizes the points supporting your thesis

1.

1.

1.

Use of Sources—uses primarily summary and paraphrase, quotations used only as needed for technical accuracy and all are brief, blended, & cited, all information is cited to avoid plagiarism (summary, paraphrase, quotation)

1.

1.

1.

Distribution of Sources—see the complete list in the prompt above

1.

1.

1.

Works Cited Page—MLA format

1.

1.

1.

Point of View—third-person point of view

1.

1.

1.

Audience —(class & instructor) considers audience in both tone and information

1.

1.

1.

Grammar, Punctuation, Mechanics

1.

1.

1.

Style—no contractions or abbreviations, no first name alone, no “in the article”

1.

1.

1.

MLA Manuscript (Document) Format

1.

1.

1.

Length—5 or more pages (when correctly formatted, not including works cited page)

1.

1.

1.

Sources:

Popular Periodicals: https://ezproxy.bellevuecollege.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.bellevuecollege.edu/docview/1443766151?accountid=35840.

https://ezproxy.bellevuecollege.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.bellevuecollege.edu/docview/1034288519?accountid=35840.

https://ezproxy.bellevuecollege.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.bellevuecollege.edu/docview/1841830811?accountid=35840.

https://ezproxy.bellevuecollege.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.bellevuecollege.edu/docview/385934808?accountid=35840.

Government:

https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/environmental/background/medical-waste.html

https://www.epa.gov/rcra/medical-waste

Scholar Journal:

https://ezproxy.bellevuecollege.edu/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.bellevuecollege.edu/docview/200823154?accountid=35840.

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